Spike (S) protein is a crucial component of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and facilitates viral entry into host cells. SARS-CoV S comprises S1 and S2 two subunits. The S1 subunit consists of receptor-binding domains (RBDs), which are required for attachment to host cell receptors, while the S2 subunit facilitates fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. The S protein starts the infection process by attaching to the host cell's angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, allowing viral entrance and subsequent replication.
ACE2 is the receptor for the SARS-CoV S protein, predominantly found on the surface of human respiratory epithelial cells. The S1 subunit's RBD binds to the ACE2 peptidase domain. This binding features by high affinity and specificity, facilitating viral attachment to host cells. Upon binding, conformational changes in the S protein occur, leading to membrane fusion and subsequent viral entry into the host cell.
The SARS-CoV S protein is a key factor in infection and serves vital functions in viral entry through two distinct processes:
Receptor Binding: The S1 subunit of the S protein contains an RBD that specifically recognizes and binds to the ACE2 receptor on the surface of host cells. Following binding, the virus-receptor complex is internalized through endocytosis, promoting endosome formation. Within the endosome, low pH triggers conformational changes in the S1 subunit, leading to exposure of the fusion peptide in the S2 subunit and promoting subsequent steps in viral entry.
Virus Fusion: Upon endocytosis, the S2 subunit undergoes conformational changes mediated by a heptad repeat sequence (HR1 and HR2) and a fusion peptide-interacting region. This facilitates the insertion of the fusion peptide into the host cell membrane. Concurrently, the HR2 domain in S2 forms a coiled-coil structure with HR1, bringing the viral and cellular membranes close together and enabling membrane fusion. This fusion event allows the release of the viral genome into the host cell cytoplasm, initiating viral replication.
Fig.1 The entrance mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, a strain of SARS-CoV.1,3
Antibodies against the SARS-CoV S are critical for neutralizing the virus. By targeting various epitopes on the S protein, such as the BRD or other conserved regions, these antibodies can block viral attachment to host cell receptors, interfere with other steps of the viral replication cycle, such as fusion and entry, and/or target viral components for immune-mediated clearance. Additionally, some antibodies trigger antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or complement-dependent cytotoxicity to eliminate infected cells. So far, several monoclonal antibodies have shown good results in neutralizing SARS-CoV 2 by interfering with receptor binding and inhibiting membrane fusion.
Fig.2 Monoclonal neutralizing antibodies binding to the S protein.2,3
Creative Biolabs offers eighty-five types of high-quality anti-SARS-CoV S antibody products that could be used in several kinds of applications to meet your various needs and assist you in effectively completing your research projects.
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3832) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3832)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3833) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3833)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3834) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3834)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3835) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3835)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3836) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3836)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3837) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3837)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3838) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3838)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3839) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3839)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3840) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3840)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3841) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3841)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3842) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3842)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3843) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3843)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3844) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3844)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3845) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3845)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3846) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3846)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3847) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3847)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3848) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3848)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3850) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3850)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3851) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3851)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3852) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3852)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3853) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3853)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3854) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3854)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3855) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3855)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3856) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3856)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3857) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3857)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3858) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3858)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3859) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3859)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3860) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3860)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3861) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3861)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3862) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3862)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3863) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3863)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3864) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3864)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3865) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3865)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3866) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3866)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3867) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3867)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3868) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3868)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3869) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3869)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3870) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3870)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3875) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3875)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Mouse
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3892) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3892)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3893) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3893)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3898) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3898)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,WB,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3899) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3899)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,WB,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3900) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3900)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,WB,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3901) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3901)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,WB,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3902) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3902)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,WB,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3903) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3903)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,WB,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3904) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3904)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,WB,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3905) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3905)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,WB,Neut,
Anti-SARS-CoV S Neutralizing Antibody (V3S-0522-YC3906) (CAT#: V3S-0522-YC3906)
Target: SARS-CoV S
Host Species: Human
Target Species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV),
Application: ELISA,WB,Neut,
