RSV Specific Neutra™ Antibody Products

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Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a type of enveloped virus, which is the typical cause of respiratory tract infections, containing a single-stranded RNA genome. RSV spreads through respiratory secretions and can produce a wide range of symptoms, from mild colds to severe respiratory distress. Premature infants, elderly adults, and individuals with immune systems that are weak are more likely to catch severe RSV infection. The virus typically circulates during colder months, causing outbreaks in communities and healthcare settings.

Signs and Symptoms of RSV

In children, RSV commonly presents with symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, nasal congestion, fever, and irritability. Severe cases may lead to difficulty breathing, cyanosis (bluish skin color), and poor feeding. In adults, RSV manifests similarly to a common cold, with symptoms including cough, runny nose, sore throat, headache, and fever. Immunocompromised individuals may experience more severe symptoms and are at higher risk of developing pneumonia or bronchiolitis.

Replication Cycle and Pathogenesis of RSV

RSV enters respiratory epithelial cells via attachment to cell surface receptors. The fusion of viral and cellular membranes allows viral RNA to enter the cell. Viral RNA is transcribed and translated to produce viral proteins and replicate genomic RNA. Viral assembly occurs in cytoplasmic inclusions, leading to the release of progeny virions.

RSV primarily infects ciliated epithelial cells in the upper and lower airway, causing cell damage and sloughing. Infection results in systemic inflammation in the lungs, which includes inflammatory cell migration and infiltration, and increased mucus production. Inflammatory responses contribute to airway obstruction and respiratory symptoms. Additionally, RSV can evade immune responses, leading to recurrent infections.

Fig.1 RSV infections trigger the immune reaction. Fig.1 Representation of the immune response induced during RSV infections.¹

Proteins of RSV

RSV contains several proteins crucial for its structure and function, notably the G (attachment) and F (fusion) proteins. The surface protein G (glycoprotein) facilitates viral attachment to host cells, promoting infection. It also modulates immune responses and contributes to viral pathogenesis. The F protein promotes the fusion of viral and cellular membranes, allowing viral RNA to enter host cells. Both proteins are targets for vaccine development and therapeutic interventions due to their pivotal roles in RSV infection and pathogenesis.

Fig.2 The nucleolin binding by RSV F-protein. Fig.2 Model of RSV F-protein binding nucleolin.²

Antibodies Targeting RSV

Anti-RSV antibodies, particularly monoclonal neutralizing antibodies, are developed to prevent RSV infection. Compared to RSV-specific injectable immunoglobulins, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have greater neutralizing activity and no risk of fluid overload. They function by binding to specific viral proteins, such as the G and F proteins, thereby neutralizing the virus and preventing it from infecting host cells. These antibodies offer advantages such as passive immunity, providing immediate protection against RSV without the need for active immune responses. In recent years, powerful neutralizing epitopes have been identified, and novel methods for producing mAbs have been developed to some extent for the prevention of RSV infections. Besides, antibodies engineered for enhanced neutralization potency and prolonged half-life have since been developed. These enhanced mAbs provide adequate protection throughout the RSV season in just one dose.

Creative Biolabs offers fifteen types of potent anti-RSV antibody products that can be used in various applications. These antibodies are recombinantly produced and offer rapid, lasting immunity against RSV.

REFERENCES

da Silva, Rafaela Pires, Bibiana Liberman Thomé, and Ana Paula Duarte da Souza. "Exploring the Immune Response against RSV and SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children." Biology 12.9 (2023): 1223. Distributed under Open Access license CC BY 4.0. The image was modified by extracting and using only part of the original image.
Mastrangelo, Peter, and Richard G. Hegele. "RSV fusion: time for a new model." Viruses 5.3 (2013): 873-885. Distributed under Open Access license CC BY 3.0. The image was modified by extracting and using only part of the original image.

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